Dating violence: a comparison of rural, suburban, and urban teens.

This study analyzed rural, suburban, and urban differences in teen dating violence using the 1996 Teen Assessment Project data. Teens in rural school districts were more likely to be victims of dating violence than their suburban and urban counterparts; males reported being slapped, hit, or kicked more frequently than females. The findings of this study indicate that students in rural school districts are at greater risk for participating in dating violence than suburban and urban students, with rural female students at greatest risk.

Integrating behavior and intention regarding mammography by respondents in the 1990 National Health Interview Survey of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention.

Achieving and maintaining high rates of screening mammography are major public health priorities. This report examines data from the 1990 National Health Interview Survey of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention on the utilization of mammography among women ages 40-75. Results show that progress is being made in some areas--57.7 percent of women "ever had" a mammogram; 50.3 percent, in previous 2 years. However, those not having repeated regular screening appear to be a sizable proportion. Only 28.6 percent of women ages 40-75 had been both screened on the recommended age-specific schedule and expressed an intention to continue screening; another 29.2 percent indicated no intention to have a mammogram in the near future. Income, clinical breast examination, and Pap (Papanicolaou's) test, having no regular source of care, region of the country and residential variables, smoking status, not exercising, not knowing how to do breast self-examination, and race were among the variables having the strongest associations with mammography status. Several groups in the population therefore remain at risk of not receiving regular screening. The combination of mammography status to date and future intention to have the examination provides an important perspective on efforts to reach public health screening objectives and appears to provide a strategy for targeting interventions.

Early and late antigens of human cytomegalovirus: electroimmunodiffusion assay of numbers, relationships, and reactivities with donor sera.

Early antigens (EA) of human cytomegalovirus extracted from cytosine arabinoside-blocked cells infected with 0.01-20 infectious units (IU)/cell were assayed with human serum by electroimmunodiffusion (EID). The number of detectable EA types increased from one to eight as the IU/cell was raised from 0.01 to 10. There was no increase in the number of EA with further increases in IU/cell, with prolonged culture, or when detergent was included in the extraction buffer. At least five of the eight EA gave reactions of identity with late-time antigens (LTA) extracted from unblocked cells at late times postinfection. In studies on a panel of sera from donors who were excreting virus and donors who were not, EID was as sensitive as conventional techniques (complement fixation and indirect hemagglutination for LTA, indirect immunofluorescence for EA) in detection of both types of antibodies from excretors but less sensitive in not detecting low levels of the antibodies in some of the sera from nonexcretors. No consistent relationships were observed between donor virological status and the numbers or types of antibodies to EA and LTA.